اسلامی جمہورہہ پاکستان
Islāmī Jumhūrīyah Pākistān
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Flag State Emblem

Anthem: "Qaumi Tarana"

Capital Islamabad
33°40′N 73°10′E / 33.667, 73.167
Largest city Karachi
Official languages Urdu (national)
English (official)[1]
Recognised regional languages Balochi, Pashto, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki, Dari [2]
Demonym Pakistani
Government Islamic Republic
 -  President Pervez Musharraf
 -  Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
 -  Speaker of House Fahmida Mirza
 -  Chief Justice Abdul Hameed Dogar
Formation
 -  Independence from the United Kingdom 
 -  Declared 14 August 1947 
 -  Islamic republic 23 March 1956 
Area
 -  Total 803,940 kmē (34th)
340,403 sq mi 
 -  Water (%) 3.1
Population
 -  2007 estimate 169,300,000[3] (6th)
 -  1998 census 132,352,279[4] 
 -  Density 206/kmē (53rd)
534/sq mi
GDP (PPP) 2008 estimate
 -  Total US$ 504.3 billion[5] (21st)
 -  Per capita US$3320.12 (128th)
Gini (2002) 30.6 (medium) 
HDI (2007) ▲ 0.569 (medium) (134th )
Currency Rupee (Rs.) (PKR)
Time zone PST (UTC+5)
 -  Summer (DST) PDT (UTC+6)
Internet TLD .pk
Calling code +92

Pakistan (Urdu: پاکستان listen (help·info)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Greater Middle East and converges with Central Asia and the Middle East.[7][8] It has a 1,046 kilometer (650 mile) coastline along the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Oman in the south, and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast.[9]

The region forming modern Pakistan was home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization and then, successively, recipient of ancient Vedic, Persian, Indo-Greek and Islamic cultures. The area has witnessed invasions and settlement by the Persians, Greeks, Arabs, Turks, Afghans and the Mongols.[10] It was a part of British India until 1947, when the Pakistan Movement for a state for Muslims, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League resulted in the independence and creation of the state of Pakistan, that comprised the provinces of Sindh, Northwest Frontier Province, West Punjab, Balochistan and East Bengal. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, a civil war in East Pakistan resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of economic growth, military rule and political instability.

Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The country is listed among the "Next Eleven" economies. Pakistan is a founding member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, Developing 8 Countries and the Economic Cooperation Organization. It is also a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, World Trade Organization, G33 developing countries, Group of 77 developing nations, major non-NATO ally of the United States and is a nuclear state.